ABSTRACT– parkinsonism is the one type of neurological disorder.it is most. Common in the old age.And it is easily cure with homoeopathic medicine.
KEYNOTE:- parkinsonism , neurological disease
INTRODUCTION:-
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- Parkinsonism is a generic term that is used to define a syndrome manifest by bradykinesia with rigidity or tremors.
- Parkinson disease is a slowly progressive degenerative disease of nervous system associated with destruction of brain cells, which produce dopamine. It is named after the discoverer James Parkinson. It Is also called parkinsonism or paralysis agitans.
- Cause of parkinsonism :-
- Parkinson disease occurs due to lack of dopamine caused by damage of basal ganglia. It is mostly due to the destruction of substantia nigra and the nigrostriatal pathway, which has dopaminergic fibers.
- Vascular diseases of basal ganglia usually occurs because of the following causes:
- I .Viral infection of brain like encephalitis
- ii. Cerebral arteriosclerosis
- iii. Injury to basal ganglia
- iv Destruction or removal of dopamine in basa ganglia. It occurs mostly due to long-term treat ment with antihypertensive drugs like reserpine Parkinsonism due to the drugs is known a drug-induced parkinsonism.
- v. Unknown causes: Parkinsonism can occur because of the destruction of basal ganglia du to some unknown causes.
Facts about parkinsonisom:-
- About 90,000 people in the U.S. are diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease every year.
- A clear risk factor is age. …
- Loss of smell can be an early sign of Parkinson’s disease.
- Parkinson’s disease also has non-motor sIndia is likely to have the highest number of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients in the world, with an estimated 7 million patients. This is due to India’s large population and the prevalence of PD, which is estimated to be between 15–43 per 100,000 people.
Aetiology :- Parkinson disease is a degenerative disease caused by reduction in dopamine content due to involvement of dopamine secreting neurons leading to disturbance in the dopaminergic pathways that connect the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia. The aetiology may be multiple:
- Idiopathic
- Trauma
- Toxic agents, e.g. MPTP (1-methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine)
- Viral encephalitis
- Vascular diseases
CLINICAL FEATURES OF PARKINSON’S DISEASES
- Tremor: Details of tremor in Parkinson disease, the tremor occurs during rest.
- Slowness of movement: Over time, movements start slowing down (Brady kinesia) and it takes a long time even to perform a simple task.
- Poverty of movements: Poverty of movements is the loss of all automatic associated movements because of absence of the automatic associate movements, the body becomes statue-like.
- Rigidity: Stiffness of muscles occurs
- Gait: Gait refers to the manner of walking. The patient loses the normal gait. Gait in Parkinson disease is cal festinant gait.
- Speech problems: Many patients develop speech problems. They may speak very softly or sometimes rapidly. The words are repeated many times.
- Emotional changes: The persons affected by Parkinson disease are often upset emotionally.
Allopathic treatment:-
Drugs affecting brain dopaminergic system
- Dopamine precursor: Levodopa (1-dopa)
- Peripheral decarboxylase inhibitors: Carbidopa, Benserazide.
- Dopaminergic agonists: Bromocriptine, Ropinirole, Pramipexole
- MAO-B inhibitor: Selegiline, Rasagiline
- COMT inhibitors: Entacapone, Tolcapone
- Glutamate (NMDA receptor) antagonist (Dopamine facilitator): Amantadine.
Drugs affecting brain cholinergic System
- Central anticholinergics: Trihexyphe- nidyl (Benzhexol), Procyclidine, Biperiden.
- Antihistaminics: Orphenadrine, Promethazine
Homoeopathic Medicine:-
- Kali bromatum:- Night terrors. Horrid illusions. Active delirium.Fidgety hands; busy twitching of fingers.Jerking and twitching of muscles.
- Phosphorus:- Ascending sensory and motor paralysis from ends of fingers and toes. Stitches in elbow and shoulder joints. Burning of feet. Weakness and trembling. Arms and hands become numb. Can lie only on the right side. Post-diphtheritic paralysis, with formication of hands and feet. Joints suddenly give way.
- Pulsatilla:- Drawing, tensive pain in thighs and legs.Restlessness, sleeplessness and chilliness. Pain in limbs, shifting rapidly; tensive pain, letting up with a snap. Numbness around the elbow. Hip-joint pain. Knees swollen, with tearing, drawing pains. Veins in forearms and hands are swollen. Feet red, inflamed, swollen. Legs feel heavy and weary.
- Gelsemium:- -Desire to be quiet, to be left alone. -“Discernings are lethargied.” Apathy regarding his illness. Absolute lack of fear. Delirious on falling to sleep. Stage fright. Child starts and grasps the nurse, and screams as if afraid of falling.-Loss of power of muscular control. Cramp in Muscles of forearm. Writer’s cramp. Excessive trembling and weakness of all limbs.
- Thuja occidentalis :-Emotional sensitiveness; music causes weeping and trembling. Tips of fingers swollen, red feel dead. Muscular twitchings, weakness and trembling Cracking in joints.
- Rhus toxicodendron:-.-Hot, painful swelling of joints.In tendons, ligaments, and fascia. Limbs stiff, paralyzed. Pain along the ulnar nerve. Tearing down thighs. Sciatica; worse, cold, damp weather, at night. Numbness and formication, after overwork and exposure. Paralysis; trembling after exertion. Tenderness about knee-joint. Loss of power in forearm and fingers; crawling sensation in the tips.Tingling in feet.
- Duboisia myoporoides:- Delirium, with tendency to pick at surrounding objects, drawing up of arms, restlessness, rapid pulse, heat, attempt to get up.
- Plumbum metallicum:-Paralysis of single muscles.Lift anything with the hand. Extension is difficult. Paralysis from overexertion of the extensor muscles in piano, players.Pains in muscles of thighs; come in paroxysms. Wrist-drop. Cramps in calves. Stinging and tearing in limbs, also twitching and tingling, numbness, pain or tremor. Paralysis. Feet swollen.
- Magnesia phosphorica :-. Inability to think clearly.Involuntary shaking of hands. Paralysis agitans. Cramps in calves. Sciatica; feet very tender Dart- ing pains. Twitchings. Tetanic spasms. Weakness in arms and hands, finger-tips stiff and numb. General muscular weakness.
- Hyoscyamus:-Low, muttering speech; constant carphologia, deep Stupor.Picking at bed-clothes; plays with hands; reaches out for things. Epileptic attacks ending in deep sleep. Spasms and convulsions. Cramps in calves and toes. The child sobs and cries without waking.
- Camphora bromitem :-
-Hysteria with laughing and weeping alternately.
-Nervous excitability.
-Restlessness. Chorea of left arm. Coldness of upper and lower limbs. Cramps in lower limbs. Jerking.
- Tarentula cubensis:-
-Hands tremble, turgid with blood.
- Tarentula hispania:-. Must constantly busy herself or walk. Sensitive to music. Averse to company, but wants some one present. Ungrateful, discontented. Guided by whims.Weakness of legs; choreic movements. Numb-ness of legs. Multiple sclerosis, with trembling. Twitching and jerking. Yawning with uneasiness of legs, must move them constantly. Extraordinary contractions and movements.
- Agaricus muscarius:-
The provings bring out four phases of cerebral excitement.Stiff all over. Pain over hips. Rheumatism better motion. Weakness in loins. Uncertain gait. Trembling. Itching of toes and feet as if frozen. Cramp in soles of feet. Pain in shin-bone. Neuralgia in locomotor ataxia. Paralysis of lower limbs, with spasmodic condition of arms. Numbness of legs on crossing them. Paralytic pain in left arm followed by palpitation. Tearing painful contractions in the calves.
Reference:-
- Harrison’s principles of internal medicine , 20rh edition.
- APT Textbook of medicine by Sandhya a Kamath , 8th edition.
- Lotus Materia Medica by Robin Murphy , 2nd revised edition.
- Homoeopathic medical repertory , 2nd revised edition.
- Pocket manual of homoeopathic materia Medica & repertory by, William boericke.
- https://abchomeopathy.com/r.php/Plb
